Britain Social and economic problems during interwar years

Intro: following WW1, economy unstable, national debt increased 10 times, inflation doubled + taxes increased. 750,000 soldiers killed, unhappy at continued suffering. Industrial production declined in old industries creating unemployment and depressed states. Social suffering. Successive governments…

 

P1 or 3?  bloody Friday and battle of george’s square

 

P1. decline of staple industries.

 

P2. depressed areas, name. Cost of living, food. Infant mortality.  inner and outer. National insurance act.

 

P3. balancing the budget. Fix sterling to gold standard. Churchill. Impact: British exports more expensive.

P4. strikes. Growth in trade unions. Samuel commission, general strike began.

P5. Gen Strike

P6. WSC. 1931 financial crisis, cut unemployment benefit or leave gold standard =end of labour gov. National gov, measures introduced.

P7. unemployment 1.5 to 3.4 1932, 1/5 of workers. Hunger strikes. Situation for workers, means test.

P8 jarrow.

 

Conclusion: many challenges,

Unemployment, depressed areas, national dept, strikes, wsc, hunger and jarrow marches. Social impact on ppl. Gov actions.

https://socialistpartyscotland.org.uk/2014/01/31/95-years-on-red-clydeside-and-the-battle-of-george-square/ 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street

How did Hitler and the Nazi party secure absolute control over Germany in the period 1920‐1938?

 https://www.thinkswap.com/ie/leaving-cert/history/higher-level/how-did-hitler-and-nazi-party-secure-absolute-control-over

http://www.corbytechnicalschool.org/_files/History%20revision/9C04E1E5140E3F8BE24C18E2D104719A.pdf

https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/the-nazi-rise-to-power/how-did-the-nazi-gain-power/

https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/hitlers-rise-power-1918-1933

Plan:

Intro, address question like in first link above.

P1. Munich Putsch, reasons why, result, quote from Hitler re use of democratic means to take power

P2. Building up the party, details re growth of organisation, support from industrialists, Goebbels and Hitler as speaker, but late 1920s had les than 3% of vote.

P3. WSC. impact, Nazi messages, blamed Weimar, Jews, appealed to who? why? 

P4. Propaganda, election campaigns, posters, plane, speeches, Geobbels, details.Election results.

P5. Becoming Chancellor. Reichstag fire and fear.

P6. Enabling Law.

P7. Co-ordination

P8. Propaganda. Censorship, control of media, book burning, cult of personality, Rallies etc

P9. Terror: first camps, Knight of the long Knives.

P10. Deliverer on promises, jobs, reuniting Germany.

P11.Totalitarian state, education, church, youth groups. pastimes - strength through Joy.

Conclusion: recap main findings.

Germany Essays

 2022 Why did Italy and/or Germany embrace dictatorship in the inter‐war period?

2021 To what extent did Hitler’s foreign policy, 1933-1939, contribute to the outbreak of World War II?

2020 Which had the greater social and economic problems during the inter-war period, Britain or Germany? Argue your case, referring to both.

2019 During the inter‐war years, what were the characteristics of fascist regimes in Europe?

2018 How did Hitler and the Nazi party secure absolute control over Germany in the period 1920‐1938?

2015 What were the social and economic problems facing Germany, 1920-1939, and how were they dealt with?

3. To what extent did Hitler’s foreign policy, 1933-1939, contribute to the outbreak of World War II?

2014 How did church-state relations develop under Mussolini and Hitler?

2013 What were the characteristics of fascist regimes in Europe in the inter-war period?

2012 To what extent was Hitler’s foreign policy, 1933-1939, responsible for the outbreak of World War II?

2011 What were the main characteristics of the Nazi state in Germany, 1933-1939?

2010 How successfully did German governments deal with the social and economic problems of the period 1920-1939? 

 3. What were the main developments in church-state relations under Hitler and Mussolini?

2009 How did dictators use propaganda and/or terror to maintain their power?

2008 What contribution did Joseph Goebbels and/or Leni Riefenstahl make to Nazi propaganda?

2007 What were the main characteristics of the Nazi state in Germany between 1933 and 1939?

2006 During the inter-war period, what conditions in Europe contributed to the growth of fascist regimes?

1.Conditions that led to rise of Fascism/Dictatorship

2. Characteristics for fascist regimes/nazi state

3. Economic problems and government efforts

4. How secure control (rise to power and totalitarian state)

5. Foreign policy cause ww2

6. propaganda and terror/Joseph Goebbels and/or Leni Riefenstahl

7. Church/State relations

Hitler's (dictators) use of propaganda and terror to maintain power, 1933-1939?

 Intro: Propaganda and terror were key elements to dictators such as H and M, getting and maintaining power. In Germany Propaganda was wide ranging, taking on many forms such as... and has led by the minister of Propaganda and enlightenment Joseph Geobbels. Terror was also key...SA and Gestapo.

P1> The Nazi's were excellent at providing a sense of order and control. This was key to getting tthem elected at time of disorder following WSC but also key in maintaining order and control over the people.

Torchlight parades, brass bands, mass choirs, uniforms, goose step, salute, symbolism - swaistika.

P2. Radio

P3. Cinema.

P4 Press and literature

p5 Cult of personality. Heil Hitler, De Fuhrer , Bday = national holiday, portrait in every classroom, Ein Reich, Ein Volk, Ein Fuhrer. Mein Kempf, photos, posters. Speaker.

P6 education and youth groups

p7 Nuremberg Rallies

P8 Leni Renifenstall "Triumph of the Will"

P9 Terror: SA,SS, Gestapo. Night of the long Knives

P10 State enemies, Kristallnacht, camps.

Conclusion 

Church-State Relations

https://www.dropbox.com/s/q2a7psomqys7xvv/Church-state%20relations%20Italy.doc?dl=0 

https://www.dropbox.com/s/zrxnh8hyz4n7qq6/Church-state%20relations%20Germany.doc?dl=0

Sample essay:

https://www.dropbox.com/s/vn69mxlkxz83lyt/What%20were%20the%20main%20developments%20in%20Church.docx?dl=0

rise of fascism essay and notes on social and economic conditions in Germany and essay

 https://www.dropbox.com/s/nf5t6lphidx2i34/Sample%20Essay%20fascism.docx?dl=0

Notes on social and economic conditions in germany:

https://www.dropbox.com/s/f9ja4cx5vcundil/Germany%20during%20the%20inter%202.ppt?dl=0

https://www.dropbox.com/s/0qecyspedhgpwkm/How%20successfully%20did%20German%20governments%20deal%20with.docx?dl=0

Apprentice Boys Essay plan and useful notes

What was the contribution of the Apprentice Boys of Derry to the celebration of  religious and cultural identity among that city’s unionist minority?

P1. Protestants living in Ulster developed a very distinctive cultural identity. Since Ulster Plantation most Protestants have had very strong links with Britain and the monarchy, hence Unionist party popularity. 

P2. The Siege of Derry, key event and integral part of forming Unionist cultural identity. details of what happened.

P3. Commemorations/activities to mark and remember occasions of 12th and 18th.

P4. Importance to these events to unionist minority of Derry. Occasions to remember their place, make them feel secure.

P5. Never more NB them in late 1960s, explain cr threat, battle of bogside, quote besieged. no surrender mentality, refusal to cancel. growth in numbers, quote stats.

P6. Recent times change, more co-operative. details of tricentery, co-op with nationalists but still central element of their identity, political elements egs.

Why did controversy arise from the activities of the Apprentice Boys of Derry?

P1. The Activities of the ABOD proved very controversial esp to Nationalists in Derry. explain 70% catholics, discrimination, gerrymandering. ABPD parades served to remind nationalists of their place as second class citizens. Sectarian organisation, only Protestants would join (quote).

P2. Nature of the parades, anti catholic songs, marching around the walls, coin throwing. 

P3. Controversial clashes with CRs. CR march cancelled, AB counter march on same route allowed. detail violence.

P4. clear that violence likely in AUgust 1969 and ABOD parade would be a flashpoint. Controversial refuse to cancel. Battle of the Bogside, spark of the Troubles.

P5. controversial parades in early 1970's. clearly offend catholics, ira blow up walker memorial, parades banned. move into politics, quotes from docs.

P6. following the ban of parades, efforts made to co-operate, parades commission, ABOD controversially initially refused. however co-op prevailed, tricentery and changes to route, quote from Newspaper.  co-op viewed as controverial to other unionists eg orange order who refused to work with catholics.

What was the significance of the activities of the Apprentice Boys of Derry for both Unionists and Nationalists in Northern Ireland?

P1. The activities of the ABOD is very significant to both Unionists and Nationalists in Derry and the North generally. To Unionists they organised and participated in a key cultural events to mark and commemorate a key event in Protestant/Unionist identity, the lifting of the Siege of Derry in 1689.  To Nationalists the ABOD parades were a constant reminder of the discrimination they faced from the Unionist minority of the city of Derry and their status as second class citizens.

P2. The activities of ABOD Significant to Unionist cultural identity. Key event for unionists was the success of the siege of Derry. details of siege. This event resonated with Derry unionists who felt besieged by the 70% catholic population despite the control they had through practices such as gerrymandering.

P3. The commemorations organised by the ABOD in Dec and August to mark... were very significant to Derry's protestants and indeed protestants all over Ulster and beyond. All PM's members. details of events. these commemorations allowed for UNionists of Derry to remind Catholics of their place. add quote, remind them who's boss.

P4. the ABOD activities were also of significance to catholics and served to remind them of their place as second class citizens, location of Walker monument, anti-catholic songs, march along walls over looking catholic bogside, insults, coins. certainly contributed to rise of CR movement in 1960s.

P5. THe activities of the ABOD resulted in the battle of the bogside, the spark that started the Troubles. detail background, CR movement, abod counter march, violence, quote violence at Aug event likely. quote paddy bogside re catholic events to get event cancelled. ABOD refuse. details of Battle of the bogside.

P6. Activities of ABOD continued to be significant. political - details for docs. marches limited to protestant waterside, then cancelled. ira blow up walker monument shows effect ABOD had on republicans. significant change in 1990s ABOD, unlike orange order, co-op with nationalists for tri-centery events and events after, more understanding, quote irish times article below. maiden city festival march improved relations.

Useful notes:

https://tongecus.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/the-apprentice-boys-of-derry.doc

https://mrfitzgeraldshistory.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/what-was-the-significance-of-the-apprentice-boys-of-derry.docx

https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/apprentice-boys-learn-to-celebrate-difference-1.368929

https://mrfitzgeraldshistory.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/why-were-the-activities-of-the-apprentice-boys-a-source-of-tension-in-derry.docx

Apprentice Boys, Past questions and documents booklet/ppt

 2018: How did the Apprentice Boys of Derry provoke controversy?

2017: what did   you learn about one or more of the following: the Apprentice Boys of Derry?

2016: Why did controversy arise from the activities of the Apprentice Boys of Derry?

2013: What was the significance for Northern Ireland of  the Apprentice Boys of Derry?

2012: What was the significance of  the activities of the Apprentice Boys of Derry?

2011

Doc:What was the significance of the activities of the Apprentice Boys of Derry for both Unionists and Nationalists in Northern Ireland?

2009: To what extent were the activities of the Apprentice Boys of Derry and/or the choice of Coleraine as the site of Northern Ireland’s second university divisive?

2006: What was the contribution of the Apprentice Boys of Derry to the celebration of  religious and cultural identity among that city’s unionist minority?

https://pdst.ie/sites/default/files/Apprentice%20Boys%20of%20Derry.pdf 

https://pdst.ie/sites/default/files/Apprentice%20Boys%20of%20Derry%2C%20presentation%2C%20final%20version%20%281%29.pdf

Leaving Cert Adjustments for 2023

 

Coleraine Controversy PDST booklet and sample document essay

https://pdst.ie/sites/default/files/PDST%20LC%20History%20workshop%20booklet%20Case%20Study%20The%20Coleraine%20University%20controversy%2C%202021.pdf 

https://pdst.ie/sites/default/files/The%20Coleraine%20University%20Controversy.pdf

Why was the choice of Coleraine as the site for Northern Ireland’s second university controversial?

 

P1: The decision to locate a new, second university for Northern Ireland in Coleraine proved very controversial for many reasons. Firstly, there was a strong expectation in Derry that the city would be chosen as the location for the new university.It seemed the obvious choice.Even before the Lockwood Committee was appointed the Londonderry corporation set out it’s claims: It stated that in Magee University College it has the nucleus of a second university, where upwards of 300 students are now able to complete the major part of their university studies in Magee before going on to Trinity College, Dublin, or Queen’s, to graduate.It had a well-qualified staff. Derry met the accommodation and recreational facility needs of a college and it “is well situated geographically to support a university” and help “restore the equilibrium of NI educationally, economically and culturally.”The Council was even willing to make “an annual contribution…towards the finances of the University for a period of 10 years”.Even before the government decision was announced on 10 February, the University for Derry Committee, which was made up of both Protestants and Catholics such as Protestant Mayor Anderson and Nationalist party leader Eddie McAteer, had been campaigning to try to ensure that the new university was located in Derry.Yet despite these reasons Coleraine was controversially chosen instead.

 

P2 The Decision of Coleraine was seen as controversial by many in Derry and elsewhere as there was a growing conviction in Derry and the western counties of Northern Ireland generally that the area was being neglected at the expense of the more prosperous east. While both nationalists and unionists were amongst those who held this view, many nationalists believed that the west got inferior treatment because Catholics were in a majority there. This was known as the isolation of the West of the Bann policy. “In quick succession there were decisions on the new city of Craigavon, just 25 miles from Belfast, new motorways in the Belfast area, closure of one of the two Belfast-Derry rail links and the severing of Derry’s shipping link with Glasgow. The last straw was the rumoured spurning of the north-waest as a base for Ulster’s second university and when the rival Protestant town of Coleraine, thirty miles east, was asked to redraft its submission, signifying that success was imminent,all Derry erupted in righteous indignation”(B. White, John Hume: Statesman of the Troubles).

 

Sir Basil McFarland, a former mayor of Londonderry, remarked that he doubted if the Lockwood Report would ‘do Derry much good’. Rumours that Coleraine was the chosen location had been current, in fact, since early December.

In late January there was the formation of a University for Derry Committee. ‘Government policy’, the Committee stated, ‘seems directed towards the isolating of the north-west in general and Derry in particular”.

 

P3 The Lockwood Committee’s decision was controversial for a number of reasons. Firstly, The Lockwood Committee’s terms of reference did not include the question of a site and this question was explicitly placed outside the terms of reference. It was on the initiative of the Lockwood Committee itself that this question was included.” Mr. Hume, leader of the Univesity for Derry Committee said that “Derry is the second city in Northern Ireland, and the only centre of population, outside Belfast, large enough to absorb the student life of a modern university” however the 8 members of the Lockwood Committee, non of whom were Catholic, disagreed with this view and stated that the availability of accommodation in the nearby seaside resorts of Portrush and Portstewart was a factor in Coleraine’s favour, in contrast to Derry, where there was a chronic shortage of accommodation.The Lockwood Committee also controversially recommended the shutting down of Magee College stating “We see no alternative to its discontinuance.

 

P4. Actions of the University of Derry committee.

Derry was united in anger and took actions to demonstrate this and hopefully convince the UNionist Government led by Capt Terence O’Neill to reject the findings of the Lockwood Committee. O’Neill claimed to be a new brand of Unionist and talked of “Building Bridges between the two communities of the North”however he was to prove himself little different than those who came before him. On 11 February John Hume led a delegation to met O’Neill. “O’Neill remained non-committal”throughout the meeting and was “sympathetic but silent”(F.Curran) Controversially While O’Neill listened to their appeal “the decision against Derry had already been taken and his government was on the point of launching a white paper accepting the Lockwood Committee Report and its recommendation that the second university should be located in the small unionist town of Coleraine” (F Curran). The subsequent debate in Stormont,The longest since the War, was also controversial as the Unionist party felt the need to impose the party whip. O’Neill, opened the debate by stressing the importance of the Lockwood Report’s proposals. The result was 27 to 19 in favour of Coleraine but Controversially all those voting in favour were Unionists and those who voted against included 8 nationalists, 7 labour MPs, one liberal, one independent and 2 unionists who defined the whip and were subsequently expelled from the party.Although the vote appeared to decide the issue, controversy continued over the treatment of Derry.

 

P5:In May 1965, a Unionist MP Dr. Robert Nixon said that ‘nameless, faceless men from Londonderry’ had gone to Stormont to advise against the locating of a second universityin Derry. These ‘’named figures’’ were local Unionists and members of the Apprentice Boys of Derry. It was said that they feared losing power if Catholics were to benefit from a newuniversity. Nationalists were outraged by this information and this led to a further splitbetween nationalists and unionists this providing great significance in the history of the divide between Nationalists and Unionists in the North of Ireland.

Unionists proceeded to defend the decision to locate the university at Coleraine. They said Lockwood would not be influencedby prejudice and that they were simply following andobliging the criteria. Eventually it was decided that Magee College would remain inoperation as a result of the controversy and that Coleraine University would be built.

 

Conclusion: The decision to locate the second university in Coleraine proved very controversial. The decision by O’Neill to agree with the Lockwood Committees choice of Coleraine after meeting with the nameless faceless men to side with the more extreme traditional unionist views rather than those who co-operated the catholic community was contrary to the ambition to repair relations between Catholics and Protestants which O’Neill had claimed to be dedicated to.The non Catholic Lockwood Committee was very controversial in it’s decision to recommend a location for the University and it’s justifications for their decision EG accommodation simply didn’t make sense. Not to mention the request for Coleraine to resubmit it proposal and the leaked rumours of its success. The Controversy of the secret meeting with unnamed unionists led to the Unionist government allowing Magee College to remain by way of an olive branch but the Controversy would have dramatic consequences for NI as it launched the political career of John Hume and was the spark to begin the Civil Rights movement. As John Hume noted “the Unionist leopard could not change its spot, and that change would have to be wrestled from them”.

Significant developments in US Foreign Policy 1973-1989

https://www.dropbox.com/s/74raxlf04bg0a13/what-were-the-significant-developments-in-us-foreign-policy-1973-1989.doc?dl=0 

https://www.dropbox.com/s/p23kkwrw5gnutou/What%20were%20the%20significant%20developments%20in%20US%20Foreign%20policy%201973%20to1989.doc?dl=0

https://www.dropbox.com/s/k9aqg1jqg6vkjaw/5c%20Cold%20War%201972-1989.pdf?dl=0

Moon sample essay

https://studyclix.blob.core.windows.net/static/content/file/uploads/9/9ffb29df-26ed-4d27-92d1-e1d1c11122f1.pdf